A Manual for Investigative Journalism: How to Become a Mouthpiece for the People

Editors: Gwen Ansell (2010), Syed Nazakat (2016)
Publisher: Global Media Programme

This manual, also referred to as the Investigative Journalism Manual (IJM), is designed to equip journalists with core investigative reporting skills and to support watchdog journalism in difficult environments. The results of their work will strengthen democratic structures or establish such where there are none. The Investigative Journalism Manual is a project of the Global Media Programmes of Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung (foundation). This includes the Media Programmes Sub-Sahara Africa (Johannesburg), Asia (Singapore), and South East Europe (Sofia).

The manual is an update to the guide published by the KAS Media Programme Africa in 2010, which was accessed by some 30,000 visitors annually. The success of the first version (see Related Summaries, below) was the reason for KAS Global Media to revise and internationalise the chapters. KAS is a global advocate for the promotion of democracy and the rule of law, as well as the enforcement of the human rights. For that reason, KAS supports the development of a free and independent media, political parties, parliaments, and social groups through training and further education.

Contents include:

• Chapter 1 defines the practice of investigative journalism and its mission and objectives. It reflects upon the differences between investigative and routine journalism. The chapter also discusses the skills and personal qualities of investigative journalists and specific topics and approaches appropriate for investigative reporting.
• Chapter 2 explains where story ideas can originate. They can be inspired by reading newspapers, talking to sources, meeting influential people, or keeping an eye on a broad range of new developments. This chapter also focuses on social network sites, such as Facebook and Twitter, and the significant role they play in monitoring news breaks and leads.
• Chapter 3 walks the reader through the different stages of planning an investigative story. "From asking yourself questions and probing sources, to pitching a story and preparing a budget, each example in this chapter shows that planning is imperative for any investigative reporting project. It will also introduce how to recognise reliable sources and shape a story's details into an interesting narrative through evidence-based reporting."
• Chapter 4 notes that one main concern during an investigation should be to ensure communication with sources is safe at all times. This chapter discusses digital security threats and introduces various software and tools to support a secure working environment. It focuses on common computer systems (Mac, Windows) and smartphones (Android, iOS).
• Chapter 5 discusses the basic research skills an investigative journalist needs to start his or her work. "Journalists need to be aware of, and proficient in, certain tools basic to their craft: data mining and mapping, knowing how to follow a paper trail and computer-assisted reporting. It is also important that investigative journalists have basic numeracy skills because some stories require the analysis of quantitative data."
• Chapter 6 is based on the observation that human sources are some of an investigative journalist's biggest assets. This chapter discusses how to build these relationships and win the source's trust so they are willing to share information. Part of this process is about being able to tell the difference between a subject expert and a fraud. The other part involves identifying lobbyists and spin doctors who try to influence journalists with their own agendas.
• Chapter 7 explores interview skills in the context of the fact that investigative journalism can be sensitive, controversial, and even damaging to or destructive of reputations. It helps prepare journalists for what types of questions to ask, how, and in what order. There are also ethical issues to be considered when interviewing.
• Chapter 8 looks at how to write a story and how to write for broadcast. "A brilliantly investigated story may fall flat if it is not well organised and written. It must be credible to the reader, and therefore facts must be updated and timely. Using quotes from relevant and prominent people that confirm the thrust of your investigation will lend gravitas to your story. Graphs, charts and diagrams may also be useful in helping the reader understand more complex aspects of your investigation."